Rajasthani School of paintings belongs to the princely kingdoms and thikanas. It constitutes the area of the Rajasthan and the part of Madhya Pradesh. The Rajasthani paintings exist from the districts Mewar, Bundi, Kota, Jaipur, Bikaner, Kishangarh, Jodhpur (Marwar), Malwa and Sirohi. This painting belong to the 16^th and early 19^th century.Moreover, Anand Coomaraswamy was the first to coin the term Rajput Paintings in 1916.

Technique of  Mewar School of  Paintings

Painting was done on the waslis layered and thin sheets of handmade papers. Both were pasted together to get the desired amount of thickness.The outline was sketched on waslis in black or brown color by brief notations or sample patches. The colored used were obtained from the precious metals and minerals. Moreover, these colors were mixed with glue.

The brush used for the painting were made of the camel and squirrel hairs.Furthermore, after completion of the paintings, the paintings were glazed with agate and lead to uniform sheen.The objectification in this paintings is in regards to the pupils, experts of colouring, portraiture, architecture, landscape, animals and scribe wrote the verse in particular space left for them.

Read more : Prehistoric art Bhimbetka Cave Painting

Mewar School of Paintings

Mewar is considered as early centre of painting in Rajasthan.The finer style emerged when Karan Singh’s came in contact with Mughal in per-seventeenth century.The style of painting wiped out after the long war with the mughal. Furthermore, the emergence of the Mewar School of painting dated as Ragamala paintings. Moreover, this set of Ragamala Paintings are found at  Chawand.

Read More : Why You Must Go On Kailash Mansarovar Yatra At Least Once In Your Life?

Artist of Mewar School of Painting

The set of Ragamala painting carries colophon page that discloses the important information.Jagat Singh I regin (1628-1652) recognised as the period of astheitic pictorial. The artists of his regin were Sahibdin and Manohar. Also, they were the one who added new vitality and vocabulary style to the paintings. Furthermore, Sahibdin painted the Ragamala, Bhagvata Purana, Yuddha Kanda of Ramayana. Manohar painted the Bal Kanda of Ramayana.

Another most prominent and exceptionally gifted artist was Jagannath. He painted Bihari Satsai in 1719.The artist mainly use red and yellow. Nathdwara emerged as a school of painting in the late seventeenth century.The paintings in this region had a large backdrop called pichhawais. This means the background of the painting has a several occasion.

Themes

Mewar Painting was secular and was increasing outsize.Various themes was in the painting such as court, hunting expeditions,  festivals, sports and zenana activites.

Conclusion

Paintings depicts the various scene of the court, kings, religious sect, style of painting, material use in the painting. Nevertheless, the paintings can be best source to know about history a particular era.
 “A journey to deep dive in past”

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Machine learning (ML) is a model associated with Artificial Intelligence (AI), it helps to perform a task. The tasks are performed by amendment in the system. The task involves recognition, diagnosis, planning, robot control, prediction, data analysis. Furthermore, it can be said that Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Types of ML

There are different types of machine learning:-

Supervised Learning: As the word ‘supervise’ suggests which means to train and analyze. The algorithm is trained and analyzed using label data. After training the model, it begins to make predictions or decisions by giving an input of new data.

Unsupervised Learning: In this type of model, the algorithm learns and makes decisions from the data on its own.

Semi-supervised Learning: As the name suggests, this type of model is a mix of supervised and unsupervised learning. The machine usually  learns with a partially labeled dataset. When the input is given new data, it uses its previous learned  knowledge to identify it.

Reinforcement Learning: This is the type, the software agents and machines automatically identifies the ideal behavior within a context, to maximize its performance.

Difference Between ML and AI

Machine Learning helps to train the machine without detailed programming whereas AI helps the machine to think and make decisions as human. AI is a subset of ML.

Difference between ML and Deep Learning

Deep Learning uses the multi-layer or neural network to train a machine. It is also considered as a subset of ML

Importance of Machine Learning

1.Machine Learning is required because sometimes there is a need to give output for the specific input to get a desired output.

2. When it comes to data mining, there is a need for specific input and analyze a specific input.

3. The changing machine environment can help to reduce the constant redesign.

4. With this constant modeling, machines will be able to write human knowledge with one explicit code.

Discipline associated with Machine Learning

Machine Learning (ML) can help to analyze the data using statistical models and is used in the neural network. Moreover, Feigenbaum in 1961 used ML for studying the performance of humans in different tasks. Furthermore ,various researchers have developed models for evaluating various AI models. In contrast to this, various evolutionary models for prediction of biology evolution.

Conclusion

ML is a vast field which will help to venture in various fields and help to research the unanswered questions. Although, this is an emerging field with various subset fields as well. There is a long journey to travel and need for skilled employed.

 “ML will be light to some unanswered questions.”

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Natural farming is an agricultural approach that eliminates the use of synthetic chemicals, encouraging the use of on-farm inputs prepared by farmers themselves. This method promotes functional biodiversity, with the indigenous breed of cow playing a crucial role in preparing inputs like cow dung and cow urine. The primary goals of natural farming include restoring soil health, increasing biodiversity, efficient use of land and resources, promoting local livestock breeds, and improving farmers’ incomes.

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Pioneers of Natural Farming

The term was first advocated by Masanobu Fukuoka, a Japanese farmer and philosopher, in his book “The One-Straw Revolution.” In India, Subhash Palekar, known as the Father of Natural Farming in India, developed Subhash Palekar Natural Farming (SPNF) and was awarded the Padma Shri in 2016.

Practices

It incorporates the use of local variety seeds, on-farm produced seed dressing (bijamitra), microbial inoculants for soil enrichment (Jivamitra), cover crops, mulching with organic matter, mixed cropping, integration of trees, pest management, livestock integration, and water conservation.

Difference between organic and ecological farming:-

Organic farming is a farming which is based on principle of the use of organic fertilizers and pesticides prepared from the plants and animals. The difference between the organic and ecological farming is that it has crop rotation as major characteristic feature.In 2024, the total area under the organic farming certification process is 7.3 million hectare. Sikkim is the first organic state in the world.

Adoption in India

Indian farmers are increasingly adopting natural farming due to its potential to double their income, generate employment, conserve the environment, improve consumer health, and enhance crop yield. Currently, India has 6.5 lakh hectares under natural farming, with leading states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Kerala. Andhra Pradesh has implemented community-based farming through Rythu Sadhikara Samstha.

Government Initiatives

The Indian government has launched initiatives such as the National Mission of Natural Farming, aiming to cover 7.5 lakh hectares under 15,000 clusters, with financial assistance of Rs 15,000 per hectare per year for three years. Other initiatives include the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) and Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA).

G20 Summit

Automated farming is discussed in the three day Agriculture Working Group Meeting in G20 Summit in Hyderabad. The government is committed to make policy and action plans for the food security and nutrition. The Working Group discussed about the  climate smart agriculture approach, sustainable agriculture, food security, climate resilient technologies and farming approaches. ICAR has develop the climate suitable varieties for the ecological farming and sustainable agriculture system.

Challenges

Challenges include inadequate irrigation facilities, labor-intensive preparation of on-farm inputs, and lack of crop diversity due to no assurance of Minimum Support Price. Addressing these issues requires legislation for Minimum Support Price, promotion of millet, consumer awareness campaigns, significant government investment, hands-on training for farmers, private sector partnerships, and promotion of local agricultural products.

Conclusion

Natural farming offers hope for farmers and consumers, promising a sustainable and healthy future for agriculture.The work should be done in the education sector for the improving the course of the agriculture. Automated farming will reduce the burden of the lifestyle disease. The policy should be prepared to give utmost importance to small and marginal farmers. Although, there is a long way to go but it should be a collective responsibility. It should be the government and farmer hand in hand job but also society contribution of the society by kitchen garden promotion. The kitchen garden will in the promotion of the local variety and will reduce the supply-chain burden.

“Automated farming is a hope against hope for farmers and consumers.”

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Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a technique used for DNA, RNA and variant or mutation sequencing. This technique can sequence the whole genome, a large chunk of genes in a short period of time.Moreover, this technique is truly applied to detect a rare causative variant for a monogenic condition. Also, this technique helps to sequence a target selection of pre-specified genes, all expressed protein coding sequence in whole genome, and identifying the all intron and exons in the entire genome.NGS is widely used for disease diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic decision. 

Steps of Next Generation Sequencing

DNA Fragmentation

DNA fragmented into the targeted DNA into many short segments. The length of this DNA fragment is usually 100–300 bp. Afterwards, the hybridization capture assay is done for the pulling out the small fragment of DNA. Furthermore, another can be used is amplicon assay for pulling the DNA fragments. The DNA segments are then used for the library preparation.

 Library Preparation

DNA samples can have a sample specific index, this is done by modifying DNA fragments. This process allows the sequencing adaptors to add to the DNA fragment.  This modification helps the sequencing primers to bind to all DNA segments.Lately,  this will help to allow the parallel sequencing.

Sequencing

NGS sequencer helps to perform the parallel sequencing. The library is loaded on the sequencing matrix in a certain sequencer. This sequencing matrix varies to sequencer. 

Data Interpretation

The data analysis is a process involving base calling, read alignment, identification and annotation. The reference sequence for the comparison is Human Genome.The information from each sequence segment is compiled to generate the full length of the target DNA.

Application of Next Generation Sequencing:-

1.  It is used for identifying the genetic disease in the patients

2.  The cancer genome projects will be finished with this technique

3.  This identification of a new microbe will be a major help and also help in obtaining a patent

4.   It will give a boost in family planning and identifying the potential risk of disease in the future generation.

5. It will help in precision medicine.

Limitations of Next Generation Sequencing:-

1.  It requires a lot of investment in infrastructure and recruitment of skilled employees.

2. Major hussle is with the volume of data needed to manage and accurate reporting of that data.

3. Although a very cost effective technique, to make it cost effective, there is a need to run large batches of samples.

4. It is a time consuming and laborious process

5.There is no policy yet to fetch private public funding on a national level.

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Have you ever imagined a world without no language, no paper, no books, and no documents? Yes, this era is called prehistory or prehistoric. The excavation tells us about the different pottery, habitat, bones, tools, drawing and art on the walls. Paintings and cave art is the most common form of art used for their expression.

The upper paleolithic age saw the proliferation of artistic expression. The walls of the caves are filled with paintings and drawings of animals. The topics of these drawings were animal symbols, geometry designs, human symbols and activities. The earliest painting  was from the upper paleolithic era in India. Archibold Carlleyle was the first to discover the rock painting in India

Rock Painting in India

The rock painting in India is present in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,Bihar, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Uttarakhand (Kumaon hills). The rock paintings are divided into three categories: man, animal and geometry pattern (white, black and red ochre).The representation of the humans as stick-like forms.The animals were multiple legged lizards, fox, long stouted animals.

The neolithic’s made granite rocks of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh as their canvas for their painting. Most famous sites are Kupgallu, Piklihal and Tekkalkota. The subject of the neolithic painting were animals such as elephants, bulls, sambhar,sheep, goats, horses, humans, tridents and vegetal motifs. The richest paintings of the Paleolithic and Mesolithics are reported from Madhya Pradesh (Vindhya ranges) and are extended to Uttar Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh, Bhimbetka Caves is the largest and most beautiful rock painting. These caves were discovered by V.S. Wakankar.  The painting of the Bhimbetka caves is subjected to hunting, dancing, music, horse and elephant rider, animal fights, household scenes, decoration of bodies, and honey collection.

Prehistoric art Bhimbetka Cave Painting

The rock painting of the Bhimbetka Cave painting has been categorized into three different groups. This categorization is based upon the style, techniques, and superimposition. The drawing and painting of these caves can be categorized according to the historic timeline.There are 07 historic timeline but period III they are four more successive periods. 

1. Period I (Upper Palaeolithic)
2. Period II (Mesolithic)
3. Period III (Chalcolithic)

Period I (Upper Palaeolithic)

The paintings of this phase are linear representations in green and dark red. The huge animal figures, such as bison, elephants, tigers,rhinos and boars along with stick-like human figures. This phase of paintings have geometric patterns but a few of them are wash paintings. The green color painting represents the dancers and the red color represents the hunters.

Period II (Mesolithic)

This phase of painting has a large number of paintings. These paintings vary in size but the scenes are predominated by the hunting scenes with various tools. Moreover, the vogue of the hunters included simple clothes with ornaments. However, the man wore a decorated head dress and also painted with the mask. Whereas the women were painted both in the clothed and nude.

Furthermore, the children were painted jumping, running and playing. Moreover, the painting of the collection of the fruits and honey from the trees, and the preparation of food by the women. In contrast to this, these paintings also depict family life. The Bhimbetka used many colors such as white, yellow, green, black, ochre red, purple, brown. The paint was prepared by grinding various rocks and minerals. The preparation of the red color from the haematite. This red color is called Geru in India. Moreover, the green color is prepared from the green color stones called chalcedony. The brush which was used for the painting was made up of the plant fiber.

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Conclusion

Prehistoric rock art helps us to understand the early human beings, their lifestyle, their daily activities. These paintings help to understand the evolution of human civilization. These paintings show the richness of the art and culture of the primitive phase of human civilization.

“History is all about diving into the past and depicting the future”

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